Life-Span Development

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpW70M6upxRiuWzcVNF0uegPn0yc3JzlVusw75wjAqp21-t-5U_zalRnR-UWEhcn8IZ_DLcwdlCNfVkGjufMgvwWTxa3Excf-ISqj_clGyfNEonOCy68xgrFbZU4R1Gno3YS07CQr8DbU/s1600/41-lAn1qX0L._SX388_BO1%252C204%252C203%252C200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpW70M6upxRiuWzcVNF0uegPn0yc3JzlVusw75wjAqp21-t-5U_zalRnR-UWEhcn8IZ_DLcwdlCNfVkGjufMgvwWTxa3Excf-ISqj_clGyfNEonOCy68xgrFbZU4R1Gno3YS07CQr8DbU/s320/41-lAn1qX0L._SX388_BO1%252C204%252C203%252C200_.jpg" width="250" /></a></div> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 288.0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkuman Life Span Development Chapter 1-5</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 288.0pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">By : ANA RISKASARI</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter 1</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perspektif Masa Hidup</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pentingnya Mempelajari Masa Hidup</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan merupakan pola perubahan yg dimulai sejak masa pembuahan dan terus berlangsung selama hidup manusia. Kajian mengenai perkembangan masa </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik dan Perspektif Masa Hidup</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perspektif masa hidup pandangan bahwa perkembangan berlangsung seumur hidup, multi dimensi, multi arah, plastis, multi disiplin, dan kontekstual, melibatkan pertumbuhan, pemeliharaan, dan regulasi, dan dibangun melalui kerjasama factor-faktor biologis, sosiokultural, dan individual</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa Permasalahan Kontemporer</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa persoalan kontemporer yaitu tentang kesehatan dan kesejahteraan, pengasuhan dan pendidikan, konteks dan keragaman sosio budaya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-Sifat Perkembangan</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Biologis, Kognitif, dan Sosioemosi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses biologis mengasilkan perubahan yang berkaitan dengan sifat dasar fisik individu. Proses kognitif merujuk pada perubahan pemikiran, intelegensi, dan bahasa dari individu. Proses sosio emosi mencakup perubahan dalam relasi individu dengan orang lain, perubahan emosi, dan perubahan kepribadian. </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode Perkembangan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode-periode perkembangan yaitu periode prakelahiran (pembuahan hingga kelahiran), bayi (kelahiran hingga 18-24 bulan), masa kanak-kanak awal (2-5 tahun), masa kanak-kanak pertengahan dan akhir (6-11 tahun), masa remaja (10-12 hingga 18-21 tahun), masa dewasa awal (20-30 tahun), masa dewasa menengah (40-50 tahun), masa dewasa akhir (60-70 hingga meninggal).</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pentingnya Usia</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 361.5pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika para peneliti mempelajari pernyataan ini, tidak ada jawaban konsisten yang dapat disimpulkan. Beberapa studi terhadap orang dewasa menemukan bahwa kebahagiaan meningkat seiring dengan usia (Rogers, 1982).konsepsi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>mengenai usia tidak hanya dibatasi sebagai usia kronologis namun juga usia biologis, usia psikologis dan usia sosial (Hoyer dan Roodin, 2009).</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isu-Isu Perkembangan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isu bawaan pengasuhan merujuk pada debat mengenai apakah perkembangan dipengaruhi olehbawaan atau pengasuhan. Isu stabilitas perubahan merujuk pada sejauh mana kita menrjemahkan sesuatu berdasarkan pengaklaman awal. Isu kontinuitas-diskontinuitas berfokus sejauh mana perkembangn terjadi secara bertahap dan melibatkan perubahan yang berrsifat kumulatif (kontinuitas) atau( diskontinuitas).</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori-Teori Perkembangan</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Psikoanalitis</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Freud 5 tahap perkembangan psikoseksual yaitu oral, anal, falik, laten, dan genital. Teori Psikososisl Erik Erikson yaitu kepercayaan vs ketidakpercayaan otonomi vs malu dan ragu-ragu, prakarsa vs rasa bersalah, semangat vs rendah diri, identitas vs kebingungan, keakraban vs keterkucilan, generativitas vs stagnasi, integritas vs keputusasaan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Kognitif </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Piaget menyatakan bahwa anak-anak secara aktif membangun pemahaman mereka mengenai dunia dan melalui 4 tahap perkembangan kopnitif yaitu sensori motor, praoperasi, operasi konkret, operasi formal. Teori Vygotsky teori koknisi sosio budaya yang berfokus pada bagaimana budaya dan interaksi sosial mengarahkan perkembangan koknitif. Teori pemrosesan informasi Robert, S, mengedepankan bahwa individu memanipulasi, memonitor, menyusun strategi terhadap informasi yang ditemuinya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Perilaku dan Kognitif Sosial</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Skinner aspek penting dari perkembangan adalah perilaku, bukan pikiran ataupun perasaan. Perubahan perilaku diakibatkan oleh penghargaan dan hukuman. Teori kognitif sosial Bandura menyatakan bahwa perilaku, lingkungan, dan kognisi merupakan faktor-faktor penting dalam perkembangan. </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Etologi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lorenz menyebutkan proses imprinting, proses belajar yang cepat dan naluriah yang melibatkan kelekatan pada objek bergerak yang pertama kali dilihat. John Bowlby, kelekatan akan berlangsung secara positif bisa juga negative.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Ekologi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">U Bronfenbrenner, mengembangkan teori ekologi, teorinya menekankan pentingnya dimensi mikro dan makro dari lingkungan tempst hidup anak: mikro sistem, mesosistem, eksosistem, makrosistem dan kronosistem.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah Orientasi Teoritis Eklektik</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orientasi yang tidak mengikuti hanya sebuah pendekatan teori, namun memilih segi segi yang dianggap paling baik dari masing masing teori.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian dalam perkembangan masa hidup</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode metode pengumpulan data: observasi, studikasus, survey dan wawancara, pengukuran fisiologis.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Desain penelitian: deskriptif, korelasional dan eksperimental.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rentang waktu penelitian : pendekatan lintas bagian, dan pendekatan longitudinal .</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyelenggarakan penelitian yang etis : penelitian yang diusulkan ke universitas harus melalui seleksi yang cermat dari komite etika penelitian sebelum penelitian itu dimulai.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meminimalkan bias : bias gender, bias budaya dan etnik.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter 2</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perspektif Evolusioner</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seleksi alam adalah proses evolusi yang menetapkan bahwa spesies-spesies yang paling dapat menyesuaikan diri akan menjadi spesies yang dapat bertahan hidup dan bereproduksi. Perilaku adaptif adalah perilaku yang mendukung kelangsungan hidup organisme di habitat alam.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Psikologi evolusioner mengedepankan pentingnya adaptasi, reproduksi, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“survival of the fittest”</i> dalam rangka membentuk perilaku. Menurut pandangan ini seleksi alam akan mendorong perilaku yang dapat meningkatkan keberhasilan reproduksi, kemampuan untuk mewariskan gen gen anda sendirikepada generasi selanjutnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Landasan Genetik dari Perkembangan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gen kolaboratif, setiap gen memiliki lokasinya sendiri-sendiri, masing-masing lokasi merupakan tempat yang dirancang untuk kromosom tertentu. Genom manusia berisi banyak gen yang berkolaborasi satu sama lain dan juga dengan faktor-faktor nongenetik dari dalam dan luar tubuh manusia. Aktif atau tidaknya sebuah gen, untuk bekerja mengahasilkan protein, juga ditentukan oleh kolaborasinya. Aktivitas gen-gen dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan seperti cahaya , jumlah jam dalam sehari, gizi, dan peilaku.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gen dan kromosom</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gen adalah sebuah segmen dari DNA. Sedangkan kromosom adalah struktur seperti benang yang terletak di dalam nucleus dari sel.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-prinsip genetika</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip gen dominan-resesif, gen dominan mengalahkan pengaruh potensial dari gen resesif. Gen resesif hanya menerapkan pengaruhnya apabila kedua gen dari satu pasangan sama-sama resesif.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gen terkait jenis kelamin, laki-laki hanya memiliki sebuah kromosom X maka ketika kromosom X itu terdapat gen termodifikasi dan pencetus penyakit, laki-laki tidak memiliki kromosom X “cadangan” untuk mengatasi gen tersebut sehingga akan terus mewariskan penyakit terkait kromosom X. Sementara perempuan memiliki kromosom X kedua yang cenderung tidak berubah. Maka perempuan tidak cenderung mengidap penyakit terkait kromosom X.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Imprinting genetis, terjadi apabila gen-gen memiliki ekspresi yang berbeda, bergantung pada apakah gen-gen itu diwariskan dari ibu atau dari ayah.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pewarisan poligenis, hanya sedikit karakteristik yang menceriminkan pengaruh dari sebuah gen atau satu pasangan gen daja. Sebagian besar ditentukan melalui interkasi dari berbagai gen; karakteristik seperti ini disebut sebagai ditentukan secara poligenis.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Abnormalitas kromosom dan abnormalitas terkait gen</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Abnormalitas kromosom terkait jenis kelamin terjadi apabila pada seorang bayi melibatkan kehadiran sebuah kromosom ekstra (X atau Y) atau tidak adanya kromosm X pada perempuan. Sedangkan abnormalitas terkait gen ada Fenilketonuria yaitu gangguan genetic yang menyebabkan individu tidak dapat menjalankan metabolism asam amino secara baik. Selain itu terdapat Anemia Sel Sabit yaitu gangguan yang memengaruhi sel-sel darah merah dan paling sering muncul pada keturunan etnis Afrika. </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tantangan dan Pilihan Reproduksi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes-tes diagnostic prakelahiran</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat sejumlah tes yang adapt memperlihatkan apakah janin berkembang secara normal, seperti ultrasound sonography, MRI janin, chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, tes darah ibu (material blood screening) dan diagnosis prakelahiran noninvasive.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infertilitas dan tekhnologi reproduksi adopsi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di Amerika Serikat sekitar 10-15% pasangan mengalami infertilitas, yaitu ketidakmampuan memiliki anak setelah 12 melakukan hubungan seks tanpa kontrasepsi. Akhirnya dipilih teknik <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in vitro fertilization</i> (IVF) atau pembuahan in vitro penggabungan sperma dan telur di dalam cawan laboratorium.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adopsi adalah proses sosial dan sah membentuk sebuah relasi orang tua-anak di antara orang-orang yang tidak memiliki hubungan biologis.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Interaksi Herediter-Lingkungan : Debat Mengenai Bawaan Pengasuhan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Genetika perilaku, yaitu cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang berusaha menemukan pengaruh herediter dan lingkungan terhadap perbedaan sifat dab perkembangan yang terjadi secara individual.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesulitan-kesulitan yang dihadapi oleh para peneliti ketika menginterpretasikan hasil studi anak kembar dan adopsi mencerminkan kompleksitas dari interaksi herediter-lingkungan. Ada 3 kemungkinan korelasi antara hereditas dan lingkungan :</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Korelasi genotip-lingkungan pasif, korelasi yang terjadi ketika orang tua kandung yang memiliki hubungan genetic dengan anak, memberikan lingkungan pengasuhan tertentu untuk anak</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Korelasi genotip-lingkungan evokatif, korelasi yang muncul jika genotip anak membangkitkan jenis-jenis lingkungan tertentu.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Korelasi genotip-lingkungan aktif (memasuki relung), korelasi yang terjadi ketika anak-anak mencari/memilih lingkungan yang mereka rasakan sesuai dan menggugah minat.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengalaman lingkungan yag dialami bersama adalah pengalaman bersama di suatu lingkungan di antara kakak beradik, antara lain kepribadian dan orientasi intelektual orang tua, status sosial ekonomi orang tua, dan lingkungan rumah. Sebaliknya, pengalaman lingkungan yang tidak dialami bersama adalah pengalaman anak yang unik, di dalam ataupun di luar keluarga, yang tidak dibagi di antara kaka beradik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter 3</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembagan Perkelahiran</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rangkaian Perkembangan Prakelahiran</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode Germinal</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode perkembangan prakelahiran yang berlangsung pada dua minggu pertama setelah pembuahan. Periode ini mencakup pembentukn zigot, pembelahan sel, dan pelekatan zigot ke dinding rahim.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode Embrionik</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode perkembangan prakelahiran yang berlangsung antara dua hingga delapan minggu setelah pembuahan. Selama periode embrionik, kecepatan diferensiasi sel meningkat, sistem pendukung bagian sel terbentuk, dan organ-organ mulai tampak.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode Fetal</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode perkembangan prakelahiran yang dimulai pada dua bulan setelah pembuahan dan umumnya berlangsung selama tujuh bulan. Selama periode ini, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan melanjutkan rangkaian dramatisnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teratologi dan Risiko dalam Perkembangan Prakelahiran</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip Umum</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teratogen yaitu unsur yang berpotensi mengakibatkan kelainan kelahiran atau secara negatif menyebabkan perubahan kognitif dan perilaku. Dosis, kerentanan genetik, dan lama paparan teratogen dapat memengaruhi tingkat dan jenis kerusakan yang terjadi pada embrio dan janin.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obatan Resep dan Tanpa Resep</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obatan dengan resep yang dapat berfungsi sebagai teratogen mencakup antibiotik, beberapa jenis antidepresan, hormon-hormon tertentu, dan accutane (yang sering kali dipakai untuk mengobati jerawat).</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obatan Psikoaktif</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obatan psikoaktif adalah obat-obatan yang bekerja pada sistem saraf untuk mengubah kondisi kesadaran, memodifikasi persepsi, dan mengubah suasana hati. Contohnya adalah kafein, alkohol, nikotin, ataupun obat-obatan ilegal seperti kokain, marijuana, dan heroin.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakcocokan Jenis Darah</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidakcocokan antara jenis darah ibu dan jenis darah ayah juga dapat menimbulkan risiko untuk perkembangan prakelahiran. Jenis darah dtentukan berdasarkan perbedaan struktur permukaan sel-sel darah merah.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahaya Lingkungan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak aspek dunia industri modern kita yang dapat membahayakan embrio atau janin. Beberapa bahaya yang mungkin dialami bayi adalah radiasi, sampah beracun, dan polutan kimiawi lainnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit pada Ibu</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit dan infeksi pada ibu dapat mengakibatkan cacat pada keturunan karena penyakit atau infeksi itu menembut batas ari-ari atau juga dapat mengakibatkan cacat ketika lahir. Salah sau jenis penyakit yang dapat mengakibatkan cacat yaitu Rubella (cacar air Jerman).</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-faktor Lainnya yang Terkait Orang Tua</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor ini mencakup nutrisi, usia, serta kondisi emosional dan stres.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawatan Prakelahiran</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasanya perawatan prakelahiran berupa kunjungan perawatan medis dengan jadwal yang jelas meliputi pemeriksaan untuk kondisi ataupun penykit yang dapat ditangani, yang dapat memengaruhi bayi atau ibu. Selain perawatan medis, program-program prakelahiran seringkali melibatkan layanan pendidikan, sosial, dan gizi yang komprehensif.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Prakelahiran yang Normal</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan prakelahiran pada banyak kesempatan tidak megalami masalah dan perkembangan berjalan menurut jalur yang positif.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelahiran</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Kelahiran</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap-tahap Kelahiran</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses kelahiran berlangsung dalam tiga tahap:</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap pertama</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam tahap pertama, kntraksi rahim pada awalnya berlangsung dalam selang 15 hingga 20 menit dan berlangsung selama satu menit. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan leher rahim merenggang dan membuka. Tahap ini berlangsung selama 6 sampai 12 jam, pada kelahiran selanjutnya tahap ini biasanya lebih pendek.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Kedua</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap kedua kelahiran dimulai ketika kepala bayi mulai bergerak melalui leher rahim dan saluran kelahiran. Tahap ini biasanya berlangsung selama 45 menit hingga satu jam.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 92.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Ketiga</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afterbirth adalah tahap ketiga. Pada waktu ini, plaenta, tali pusar, dan selaput lainnya akan dilepas dan dibuang. Tahap akhir ini adalah tahap yang paling singkat dari ketiga tahap kelahiran, berlangsung hanya beberapa menit.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setting Kelahiran dan Bantuan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang-orang yang membantu seorang ibu selama kelahiran dapat bervariasi antara budaya yang satu dan budya lainnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bidan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Doula</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Doula adalah seorang pengasuh yang terus memberikan dukungan fisik, emosional, dan pendidikan bagi ibu sebelum, selama, dan setelah melahirkan anak.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lingkungan Kelahiran dan Bantuan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumah sakit A.S. sering kali mengijinkan para ibu dan dokter<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>ahli kandungan memiliki sejumlah alternatif cara melahirkan. Alternatif utama meliputi penggunaan obat-obatan dan kapan perlu menempuh bedah caesar.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melahirkan secara Caesar</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Caesar dilakukan apabila bayi dalam posisi sungsang. Dalam kelahiran caesar (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">caesar delivery), </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bayi diangkat dari rahim ibu melalui pembedahan yang dilakukan di bagian perut ibunya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemeriksaan Bayi yang Baru Lahir</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Skala Apgar: Metode yang banyak digunakan untuk menilai kesehatan bayi di satu dan lima menit setelah dilahirkan. Skala Apgar mengevaluasi laju detak jantung, usaha bernapas, sifat otot, warna tubuh, dan kepekaan refleks bayi.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment (NBAS): Tes yang diberikan 24 jam hingga 36 jam setelah kelahiran, digunakan untuk mengukur perkembangan neurologis, refleks, dn reaksi bayi terhadap objek dan orang lain.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network NeurobehavioralScale (NNNS): “Turunan” dari NBAS, NNNS menghasilkan analisis lebih komprehensif mengenai perilaku, respon neurologis dan stres, serta kapasitas regulatori dari bayi yang baru lahir.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi Prematur dan Bayi dengan Berat Badan Lahir yang Rendah</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi Prematur dan Bayi Berukuran Kecil Menurut Waktu</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi dengan berat badan lahir yang rendah: bayi yang lahir dengan berat badan kurang dari 5,5 pon.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi lahir prematur: bayi yang lahir 35 minggu atau kuran gsetelah pembuahan.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi berukuran kecil menurut waktu: berat badan bayi kurang dari 90 persen dibandingkan berat badan bayi lain denagn usia dalam kandungan yang sama.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsekuensi dari Kelahiran Prematur dan Berat Badan Lahir Rendah</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil studi di Norwegia menunjukkan baha semakin prematur kelahiran seorang bayi maka akan semakin cenderung putus sekolah.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawatan Bayi dengan Berat Badan Rendah dan Prematur</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perawatan kangguru: perawatan untuk bayi prematur yang mempraktikkan sentuhan kulit ke kulit</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 90.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">terapi pemijatan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode Pascakelahiran</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Periode setelah melahirkan anak ketika ibu menyesuaikan diri, secara fisik ataupun psikologis, terhadap proses melahirkan anak. Periode ini berlangsung selama enam minggu atau sampai tubuh ibu telah kembali<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>ke kondisi menyerupai sebelum kehamilan.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyesuaian Fisik</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tubuh perempuan melakukan banyak penyesuaian fisik di beberapa hari dan minggu pertama setelah melahirkan anak.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyesuaian Emosional dan Psikologis</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekitar dua atau tiga hari setelah melahirkan, biasanya ibu-ibu mulai merasa depresi, cemas, dan bingung. Perasaan-perasaan ini dapat muncul dan hilang selama beberapa bulansetelah melahirkan, seringkali mencapai puncaknya sekitar tiga hingga lim hari setelah melahirkan. Perasaan ini biasanya akan hilang sendiri dalam satu atau dua minggu meski tanpa penanganan khusus.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikatan, yakni pembentukan hubungan, khususnya ikatan fisik antara orang tua dan bayi baru lahir dalam periode setelah kelahiran.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter 4</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Fisik Bayi</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola Pertumbuhan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seiring individu berkembang dari masa bayi menuju masa dewasa, salah satu pertumbuhan fisik yang terlihat paling jelas adalah ukuran kepala menjadi lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan ukuran bagian-bagian tubuh lainnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinggi dan Berat</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi bertumbuh kira-kira 1 inci per bulan selama tahun pertama. Namun, pertumbuhan bayi mengalami perlambatan selama tahun kedua kehidupannya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Otak</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika lahir, berat otak bayi kurang lebih 25 persen dari berat otak ketika dewasa. Pada ulang tahun kedua, berat otaknya telah mencapai 75 persen dari berat otak dewasa. Meskipun demikian, kematangan area-area otak tidak terjadi secara bersamaan.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidur</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika masih bayi, kita tidur lebih banyak dibandingkan sekarang. Biasanya bayi baru lahir akan membutuhkan waktu tidur sebanyak kira-kira 18 jam, namun demikian masing-masing bayi akan sangat bervariasi waktu tidurnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gizi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama 4 hingga 6 bulan pertama kehidupan, ASI atau susu formula alternatif lainnya merupakan sumber gizi dan energi untuk bayi. Selama bertahun-tahun, para ahli memperdebatkan antara pemberian ASI kepada bayi lebih menuntungkan daripada susu formula. Konsensus yang terus bertumbuh adalah bahwa pemberian ASI lebih baik untuk kesehatan bayi.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Motorik</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan Sistem Dinamik</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut teori sistem dinamik, bayi membangun berbagai keterampilan motorik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>untuk membentuk persepsi dan bertindak. Agar dapat mengembangkan keterampilan motoric, bayi harus membentuk persepsi mengenai sesuatu di lingkungannya yang dapat memotivasi dirinya untuk bertindak dan menggunakan persepsinya itu untuk memperhalus gerakan-gerakannya. Keterampilan motorik menjadi solusi terhadap tujuan diri bayi.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Refleks</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Refleks merupakan reaksi terhadap stimuli. Refleks mengatur gerakan-gerakan bayi secara otomatis dan berada diluar kendalinya. Refleks memungkinkan bayi merespons secara adaptif terhadap lingkungan sebelum ia memiliki kesempatan untuk belajar lebih banyak.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterampilan Motorik Kasar</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterampilan motorik kasar adalah keterampilan yang melibatkan aktivitas otot besar seperti menggerakkan lengan dan berjalan. </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterampilan Motorik Halus</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Para bayi dengan susah payah harus mengontrol ketrampilan motorik halus ketika baru lahir. Dicapainya kemampuan meraih dan menggenggam merupakan sebuah prestasi penting dalam kemampuan bayi untuk berinteraksi dengan sekelilingnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Sensoris dan Persepsi</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah Sensasi dan Persepsi itu?</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>adalah produk dari interaksi Antara informasi dan reseptor sensoris-mata, telinga, lidah, hidung, dan kulit. Persepsi adalah interpretasi mengenai sesuatu yang diterima indra. </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan Ekologis</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan bahwa persepsi berperan memandu organisme dalam mengadakan kontak dengan linkungannya dan untuk meningkatkan adaptasi.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persepsi Visual</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi baru lahir tidak dapat melihat benda-benda kecil yang jauh. Bayi yang baru lahir mampu melihat benda pada jarak 20 kaki sedangkan orang dewasa dapat melihat benda itu pada jarak 240 kaki.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indra-indra Lainnya</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama dua bulan terakhir kehamilan, sambil mendekam Rahim, bayi dapat mendengar suara ibunya, music, dan suara lain. Bayi baru lahir juga dapat merasakan sakit. Bayi-bayi baru lahir mampu membedakan bau. Sensitivitas atau kepekaan terhadap rasa dapat muncul sebelum sebelum kelahiran.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persepsi Menyeluruh</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan mengintegrasikan informasi dari dua atau lebih modalitas sensoris, misalnya dari penglihatan atau pendengaran.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bawaan, Pengasuhan, dan Perkembangan Persepsi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akumulasi pengalaman dan pengetahuan mengenai dunia persepsi bayi berkontribusi terhadap kemampuan bayi untuk membentuk persepsi koheren mengenai orang dan benda-benda. Potret menyeluruh dari perkembangan persepsi meliputi pengaruh bawaan, pengasuhan, dan pengembangan sensitivitas terhadap informasi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerjasama Persepsi-Motorik</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak-anak membentuk persepsi agar dapat bergerak dan bergerak agar dapat membentuk persepsi. Perkembangan persepsi dan motorik tidak berlangsung sendiri-sendiri, namun merupakan suatu kerjasama.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Chapter 5</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Piaget mengenai Perkembangan Bayi</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses Kognitif</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Skema</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam teori Piaget merujuk pada berbagai tindakan atau representasi mental yang mengorganisasikan pengetahuan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asimilasi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Piaget yang merujuk pada kegiatan memasukkan informasi baru kedalam skema-skema yang sudah ada</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Akomodasi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Piaget yang merujuk pada penyesuaian skema-skema yang sudah ada agar cocok untuk mengolah informasi-informasi dan pengalaman baru. </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Organisasi </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep Piaget yang merujuk pada pengelompokkan perilaku dan pemikiran yang terpisah satu sama lain kedalam suatu system yang tigkatannya lebih tinggi.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekuilibrasi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme yang diajukan Pieget untuk menjalaskan bagaimana anak-anak beralih dari satu tahap berpikir ketahap berpikir berikutnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap Perkembangan Sensorimotor</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap sensorimotor berlangsung mulai dari kelahiran hingga usia dua tahun. Dalam tahap ini, bayi membangun suatu pemahaman mengenal dunia dengan cara mengoordinasikan pengalaman sensori (contohnya melihat atau mendengar) melalui tindakan fisik-motorik-oleh karenanya disebut dengan sensorimotor. Piaget membagi tahap ini kedalam enam subtahap sebagai berikut.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Refleks Sederhana</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap ini berhubungan dengan satu bulan pertama setelah kelahiran. Dalam tahap ini, koordinasi senssasi dan tindakan terutama berupa refleks. Bayi tidak lama kemudian menampilkan perilaku yang menyerupai refleks tersebut tanpa adanya stimulus yang memicunya. Contoh: bayi yang meletakkan bibirnya di dekat putting ibunya cenderung akan menghisap-hisapnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebiasaan Awal dan Reaksi Sirkuler</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.1pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap ini berkembang di Antara usia 1 hingga 4 bulan. Dalam tahap ini bayi mengkoordinasi sensasi dan dua tipe skema yaitu kebiasaan dan reaksi. Kebiasaan adalah skema yang didasarkan pada refleks yang pada akhirnya akan menjadi reaksi yang sepenuhnya terpisah dari rangsangan asli yang membangkitkan rangsangan itu. Sedangkan reaksi sekunder adalah tindakan yang diulang-ulang. Contoh: seorang bayi yang sering menghisap puting ibunya akan cenderung menghisap-hisap meskipun putting atau botol tidak berada di dekatnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi Sirkuler Skunder</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.1pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap ini berkembang Antara usia 4 hingga 8 bulan. Bayi lebih berorientasi pada objek. Skema bayi belum bersifat sengaja, atau terarah pada sasaran, namun diulang-ulang karena perasaan takjub. Contoh: bayi akan terus mengguncang-guncangan mainan yang bergemerincing.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Koordinasi Reaksi Sirkuler Skunder</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap ini berkembang diantara usia 8 hingga 12 bulan. Bayi mampu menkoordinasi penglihatan dan sentuhan.dalam tahap ini terjadi perubahan-perubahan besar yang melibatkan koordinasi skema-skema dan kesengajaan. Contoh: Bayi dapat menggunakan tongkat untuk mengambil mainannya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi Sirkuler Tersier, Kesenangan terhadap Hal Baru dan Keingintahuan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap ini berkembang diantara usia 12 hingga 18 bulan. Dalam tahap ini minat bayi semakin tergugah terhadap berbagai karakteristik objek ataupun segala tindakan yang dapat mereka lakukan terhadap objek tersebut. Contoh: Bayi dapat menjatuhkan, memutar, dan menabrakkan suatu objek ke objek lainnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Internalisasi danSkema</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.1pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap ini berlangsung Antara usia 18 hingga 24 bulan. Dalam tahap ini bayi mengembangkan kemampuan untuk menggunakan symbol-simbol primitif. Simbol-simbol primitif memungkinkan bayi untuk memikirkan peristiwa-peristiwa kongkret tanpa harus melakukan atau melihatnya. Contoh: bayi dapat menirukan terbuka dan tertutupnya suatu benda denga menggerakkan mulutnya.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 75.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi terhadap Tahap Perkembangan Sensorimotor Piaget</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan A-Bukan-B</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesalahan A bukan B merupakan istilah yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan kekeliruan bayi. </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Persepsi dan Harapan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .55pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eleanor Gibson dan Elizabeth<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Spelke menyatakan bahwa kemampuan persepsi bayi berkembang pesat diusia yang sangat dini dalam kehidupan. Bayi yang lebih muda tidak mengembangkan harapan tertentu.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isu Bawaan-Pengasuhan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehubungan dengan isu besar mengenai manakah diantara bawaan dan pengasuhan yang berperan lebih besar dalam perkembangan bayi, Elizabeth Spelke jelas memihak kesisi bawaan. Spelke mendukung pendekatan pengetahuan inti (coreknowladge approach) yang menyatakan bahwa bayi terlahir dengan system pengetahuan spesifik-domain (domain-spesific)</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembelajaran, Mengingat, dan Konseptualisasi</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkondisian</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengkodisian koperant telah membantu peneliti dalam menentukan seperti apa persepsi bayi (Huatanabe dan Taga, 2006). Sebagai contoh, bayi akan menghisap dot lebih cepat apabila perilaku menghisap tersebut diikuti tayangan visual, musik atau suara manusia (Rovee, 1987).</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Atensi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu usaha memfokuskan sumber-sumber daya mental untuk menseleksi informasi, akan meningkatkan pemrosesan kognitif terhadap berbagai tugas. Atensi bersama, proses yang muncul ketika lebih dari satu individu berfokus ke objek yang sama dan terdapat kemampuan trekking perilaku diantara individu-individu tersebut, salah satu individu mengarahkan individu lain dan interaksi resipi local.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memori adalah karakteristik inti dari perkembangan kognitif, mengandung semua peristiwa yang diingat oleh individu seiring dengan berjalannya waktu. Ada dua jenis memori, yaitu memori implisit artinya memori yang tidak disertai ingatan sadar-memori mengenai keterampilan dan prosedur rutin yang dilakukan secara otomatis. Memori eksplisit, merujuk mengenai fakta dan pengalaman yang diketahui secara sadar dan mampu dinyatakan oleh individu </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meniru</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Andre Meltzoff telah melakukan banyak studi mengenai kemampuan meniru oleh bayi. Ia berpendapat bahwa kemampuan meniru memiliki dasar biologis, akarena bayi dapat menirukan ekspresi wajah pada beberapa hari pertama setelah kelahiran. Meltzoff berkesimpulan bahwa bayi tidak begitu saja meniru semua yang dilihatnya dan seringkali menunjukkan kesalahan kreatif. Ia juga telah mempelajari peniruan yang tertunda, yaitu peniruan yang terjadi setelah jeda waktu berjam-jam atau berhari-hari.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembentukan Konsep dan Kategorisasi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kategori adalah pengelompokkan objek, peristiwa, dan karakteristik berdasarkan sifat umum. Konsep adalah gagasan mengenai hal-hal yang disajikan oleh kategori atau kumpulan segala sesuatu yang dianggap sebagai anggota dari kategori tertentu. Bayi membentuk konsep-konsep dan mengorganisasikan dunianya menjadi bidang-bidang konseptual yang akan menjadi tulang punggung pemikirannya selama kehidupan.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan Individual dan Pengukuran</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran Perkembangan Bayi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ble Scales of Infant Development, skala yang dikebangkan oleh Nensibayley, yang secara luas digunakan untuk mengukur perkembangan bayi. Versi terkininya memiliki lima skala: kognitif, Bahasa, motoric, sosio-emosional, dan adaptif. Munculnya berbagai minat selama masa perkembangan bayi telah menyebabkan munculnya berbagai pengukuran baru. </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memprediksikan Inteligensi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah studi baru-baru ini mengungkapkan bahwa habituasi yang diukur pada usia tiga atau enam bulan ternyata berkaitan dengan keterampilan verbal dan intelegasi yang diukur di usia 32 bulan (Domsch, 2009). Meskipun demikian, kita tidak boleh terlalu jauh dan jangan menganggap bawa terdapat kaitan yang sangat ketantara perkembangan kognitif di masa bayi awal dengan perkembanga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>kognitif di masa selanjutnya, sehingga kita mneyimpulkan bahwa sama sekali tidak ada dikontinuitas.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan Bahasa</span></b></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendefinisikan Bahasa</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa adalah suatu bentuk komunikasi baik yang diucapkan, ditulis, atau diisyaratkan yang didasarkan pada sebuah system symbol. Generativitas tak berhingga merupakan kemampuan menghasilkan kalimat-kalimat bermakna yang jumlahnya tidak terbatas dengan menggunakan serangkaian kata dan ketentuan yang terbatas.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem-sistem Aturan Berbahas</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Studi mengenai system bunyi Bahasa, mencakup bunyi-bunyi yang biasa digunakan beserta kombinasinya</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Morfologi, yaitu unit-unit makna yang terlibat dala pembentukkan kata</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sintaksis, yaitu cara mengkombinasikan kata-kata untuk membentuk frasa berkalimat yang masuk akal</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sematik, yaitu makna dari kata-kata atau kalimat </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pragmatik, yaitu penggunaan Bahasa sesuai konteks yang berbeda-beda.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana Bahsa Berkembang</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengenal Bunyi Bahasa</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi harus mencermati setiap kata satu per satu, ddari rentetan bunyi dalm percakaan sehari-hari. Mereka harus menemukan batasan diatara kata-kata, sebuah tugas yang sulit bagi bayi karena orang dewasa tidak benar-benar berhenti diantara kata-kata yang diucapkannya. Bayi mulali mendeteksi batasan kata di usia8 bulan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Celotehan dan Vokalisasi lain</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama satu tahun pertama kehidupan bayi, mereka mampu mebuat bunyi melalui urutan: menangis, mendekut, celoteh, seperti “ba ba ba”.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Tubuh</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi mulai menggunakan Bahasa tubuh, seperti memperlihatkan atau menunjuk kea rah sesuatu, disekitar usia delapan hingga dua belas bulan.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata-kata Pertama</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anak-anak telah memahami kata-kata pertama ereka sebelum mampu mengucapkannya. Sejak usia lima bulan, bayi telah mengenali namanya sendiri. Bayi memahami sekitar 50 kata di usi 13 bulan. </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ungkapan 2 kata</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika berusia 18-24 bulan, anak-anak biasanya mengucapkan ungkapan yang terdiri dari dua kata. Mereka mengandalkan Bahasa tubuh, nada, dan konteks. </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh Faktor Biologis dan Lingkungan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh Faktor Biologis</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Area Broca, adalah daerah di lobus frontal kiri yang terlibat dalam pemrosesan kata-kata. </span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Area Wernicke, daerah di hemisfer kiri otak yang terlibat dalam pemahaman Bahasa</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aphasya, Kehilangan atau kerusakan kemampuan berbahasa karena kerusakan otak.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.)<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Language acquisition device, istilah Chomsky yang mendeskripsikan suatu perlengkapan biologis yang memungkinkan anak untuk mendekteksi ciri dan ketentuan Bahasa mencakup fonologi sintaksis dan sematik.</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh Faktor Lingkungan</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Para peneliti menemukan bahwa perkembangan kosa kata anak berasal dari interaksinya terhadap lingkungan. Kosa kata anak juga memiliki kaitan dengan status sosio-ekonomi keluarga</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">       </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan Ahli Interaksi</span></span></div> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan ahli interaksi menekankan biologi dan pengalaman sam-sama berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan Bahasa. Hingga saat ini para ahli Bahasa dan psikolog masih mendebatkan mengenai seberapa jauh Bahasa ditentukan dengan cara biologis ataupun dengan interaksi bersama orang lain . meskipun demikian mereka semua sepakat bahwa kapasitas biologis dan pengalaman yang relevan merupakan hal yang perlu. 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